The prospect of electroceutical intervention and its implementation toward intractable neuromuscular diseases

The treatment of intractable neuromuscular diseases (INMDs) via biochemical interventions has remained challenging. Treatments using electrical stimulation (ES), or electroceuticals, can potentially shift the paradigm in the treatment of INMDs, since (1) their localized nature minimizes the risks for systemic side effects and (2) they conform with the innate neuromuscular communication. In addition, the recent developments in electrical interfaces for the neuromuscular system can advance the possibility of the clinical adoption of electroceuticals. In this review, we first introduce the studies that have explored the potential of ES in the treatment or management of INMDs. We then highlight the recent advancements in interfaces to deliver ES to the neuromuscular system, focusing on their miniaturization, flexibility, and non-invasive implantation. This review sheds light on the therapeutic benefits and implementation of electroceuticals toward INMDs and will hopefully encourage further in-depth research that can transform their treatment landscape.