High-Performance Droplet-Based Triboelectric Nanogenerators: A Comparison of Device Configuration and Operating Parameters

Droplet-based electricity generators (DEGs) harness liquid-solid electrification to convert water droplets impacts into electrical energy. This study systematically examines how droplet height, droplet volume, flow rate, and substrate tilt angle influence DEG performance using polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as a triboelectric layer and deionized water. Three electrode designs (double, top, bottom) are evaluated, revealing that the double-electrode configuration delivers the highest output. This enhanced performance arises from synergistic droplet motion, electrical double-layer formation, and charge discharge, as validated by an equivalent circuit model. By varying droplet heights from 1–20 cm, volumes of 7.7–50 µL, flow rates of 50–300 drops/min, and tilt angles of 0–90°, an optimized setup yields −70 V and 22 mA, translating to a power density of 0.28 µW cm⁻². High-speed imaging correlates these outputs with droplet impact dynamics and the resulting charge transfer. Additionally, the optimized DEG can power small electronic devices, charge capacitors, and monitor artificial acid rain in real-time, displaying distinct electrical signals compared to typical rainwater. These findings underscore the potential of DEGs as renewable energy harvesters and smart environmental sensors, paving the way for advanced on-demand power generation in diverse settings.