Ce-doped NiCoP/ Co₃O₄ composite Nanostructures on Ni foam and their enhanced performance for water and urea electrolysis

Producing hydrogen through freshwater or urea-containing wastewater electrolysis using renewable electricity requires multifunctional catalysts made from nonprecious metals. In the current study, we disclose the rational fabrication of oxide/phosphide heterostructure nanorods with rare earth metal doping on nickel foam (NF), denoted Ce-NiCoP/Co₃O₄/NF, via partial phosphorization. Benefiting from intrinsic interface formation and doping effects, the interaction between the coupling components facilitates electron transfer, optimizing the electronic configuration of the Ce-NiCoP/Co₃O₄/NF catalyst. Ce-NiCoP/Co₃O₄/NF exhibited a competitive potential of − 0.151 V for hydrogen evolution reaction, 1.50 V for oxygen evolution reaction (OER), and 1.33 V (versus reversible hydrogen electrode) toward urea oxidation reactions (UOR) at 100 mA cm⁻². In situ Fourier-transform infrared combined with electrochemical analysis detects *OOH and *O₂ ⁻ intermediates in OER, as well as CO₃ ²⁻ and CNO⁻ ions, alongside the N–H vibration in UOR, providing deeper insight into the OER and UOR mechanisms on the Ce-NiCoP/Co₃O₄/NF. More importantly, the catalyst exhibited an activity of 20 mA cm⁻² requiring voltages as low as 1.52 V for unassisted water splitting and 1.27 V for urea-assisted electrolysis.