A Preliminary Study on Precision Image Guidance for Electrode Placement in an EEG Study

Conventional methods for positioning electroencephalography electrodes according to the international 10/20 system are based on the manual identification of the principal 10/20 landmarks via visual inspection and palpation, inducing intersession variations in their determined locations due to structural ambiguity or poor visibility. To address the variation issue, we propose an image guidance system for precision electrode placement. Following the electrode placement according to the 10/20 system, affixed electrodes are laser-scanned together with the facial surface. For subsequent procedures, the laser scan is conducted likewise after positioning the electrodes in an arbitrary manner, and following the measurement of fiducial electrode locations, frame matching is performed to determine a transformation from the coordinate frame of the position tracker to that of the laser-scanned image. Finally, by registering the intra-procedural scan of the facial surface to the reference scan, the current tracking data of the electrodes can be visualized relative to the reference goal positions without manually measuring the four principal landmarks for each trial. The experimental results confirmed that use of the electrode navigation system significantly improved the electrode placement precision compared to the conventional 10/20 system (p < 0.005). The proposed system showed the possibility of precise image-guided electrode placement as an alternative to the conventional manual 10/20 system.